Post War Europe Essay

The World War II alludes to the worldwide clash that occurred between 1939 to 1945. Additionally alluded to as the Second World War, the contention included numerous countries, particularly the incredible forces. The contention had two contradicting military collusions, the Axis and the Allies (Hakim, p 8). This war has been considered as one of the most spread war on the planet history since it included the activation of in excess of 100 million military work force. The Allies union during the war was comprised of nations that contradicted the Axis powers. The Big Three  or the three significant countries that drove the Allied Alliance were the United States of America, Britain, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. Different countries that were a piece of the Allied Alliance included China, France, Poland, Australia, Canada, and South Africa. The Axis Alliance restricted the Allies, and it was driven by three significant Axis powers. These forces were; Germany, Italy and Japan. These three nations in September 1940 had marked a Tripartite Pact whereupon the Axis Alliance was established. Different countries that were a piece of the Axis Alliance included; Hungary, Romania, and Yugoslavia. Some the Axis co-belligerents included; Finland, India, Vietnam, and Iraq. The condition of all out war because of this contention had the significant countries that were included utilize their logical, mechanical, and monetary capacities so as to create weapons or plan military systems that would boost their likelihood of winning the war (Russell, p 15). It is evaluated that more than 70 million individuals were murdered, with the lion's share being regular folks. This made the war one of the deadliest human clash to ever happen. The war started in 1939, and was activated by the Germanys attack of Poland. This later prompted the France, United Kingdom, and the United States announcement of war on Germany. A portion of the notable occasions that happened during the Second World War incorporate; the Operation Barbararossa, Pearl Harbor assault and the Marco Polo Bridge occurrence. The war finished in 1945 and had the United States and the Soviet Union end up being the superpowers. The World War II broke out in Europe after Hitler drove the Axis Alliance by first attacking Poland. There were a few significant impacts of Second World II on Germany and Europe. In this paper, these impacts will be examined. Significant impacts of World War II in Germany was one of the main countries in the Axis Alliance against the Allies during the Second World War. Germany is considered to have built up probably the most complex and most dangerous weapons during the war. Along with the expense of military tasks, Germany utilized a lot of its accounts to create weapons for use during the war. The Nazi Germany which was driven by Adolf Hitler contributed extraordinary measures of money related assets to cook for the expenses of the war. In 1936, Adolph Hitler in his endeavors to buy war materials at low costs forced value controls on the Germany individuals. Proportioning later followed in 1939. Value controls that were put on food prompted food deficiencies during the war. This prompted the individuals developing their food and doing bargain exchange with their own effects for food. Remuneration exchange was conceived during the war; because of the wide spread bargain exchange. Because of the business to business exchanges, numerous business firms employed an individual who could trade an organizations yield. The bargain exchange was wasteful contrasted with the immediate acquisition of items and administrations utilizing cash. As indicated by a Germany financial expert Walter Eucken independence and deal exchange were inconsistent. Because of a broad work division, Germans monetary framework had been Å"reduced to a crude condition  (Harlett 1978, p. 34). The Germany economy after the war was wrecked. In the lodging part, Adolph-Hitler seared earth strategy along with the war had influenced around 20 percent of the lodging. Germanys monetary hardship had the food creation per capita from 1938 to 1947 diminish by 51 percent. Also, the involving powers had set the food proportion somewhere in the range of 1040 and 1550 calories for each day. When contrasted with the mechanical out put in 1938, Germanys out put in 1947 was just 33% of the 1938 modern yield. Because of the passing of countless working - age men during the war, Germany had insufficient work. The financial hardship had set off the Germany government to set up estimates that would restore the countrys economy. The legislature dispensed with the value controls that were at first there, while the cash was transformed. This happened in 1948. Later in 1948 and1949, there was decrease of the peripheral duty rates. These measures saw the Germanys economy develop quickly 20 years after the World War II. Germanys financial issues can likewise be credited to the World War I impacts. Prior to the World War I, the German Empire had a prosperous economy. However,after the war,Germanys monetary thriving was considered to have been destroyed by bargains, for example, the 1919 Treaty of Versallies. The marking of the arrangements by Germany along with the World War I impacts prompted incredible expansion in the mid 1920s. Despite the fact that Germanys economy improved after the First World War, the financial issues that described this period somewhat came to influence Germanys economy after the World War II. The initial quite a while in Germany after the World War II were of incredible monetary issues. This came about because of the annihilation of property, land, and homes during the war (Klopstock, p 285). Moreover, numerous Germans fled from their homes during the war, a circumstance that made working practically inconceivable. This decreased the monetary efficiency of the country, whose negative impacts after the war got clear. What's more, the mechanical and agrarian creation had definitely diminished in Germany. A huge number of individuals needed food and apparel as the swelling seethed in Germany. Food deficiency had gotten serious and Å"each day, and especially on ends of the week, huge crowds of individuals trekked out to the nation to deal food from the farmers (Wallich, p 65). Regardless of the monetary issues that the Germans were encountering, the political pioneers had the option to abuse the circumstance so as to fabricate a solid economy in future. The financial issues energized the German political pioneers to concentrate on the likely arrangements of restoring Germanys economy. The pioneers saw a fresh start in the demolished economy, where the economy was seen as an instrument of success. The need to have a prosperous economy would then help the Germans to have a steady society, just as to shield majority rules system. The pioneers looked for both the monetary thriving and social harmony. A prosperous economy would likewise ensure that there was equivalent open door for all the German residents with the goal that emission of a transformation would be forestalled when severe dissatisfaction of the oppressed social gatherings was stayed away from. The restoring of the German economy and Å"economic framework that had been diminished to a crude condition  (Hazlett, p 34) because of the financial issues experienced because of the World War II got significant. The economy was resuscitated through the endeavors of certain Germans post war pioneers, for example, Ludwig Erhard. The cash changes that were presented through the endeavors of Erhard prompted the abrogation of the Reichmark and the Deutsche mark presentation. The establishment of the new money started in 1948 prompted financial achievement. Moreover, Erhard abrogated the Nazi and the occupation guidelines and rules. This was the start of a prosperous and free economy in Germany, which thus settled the establishment of a developing West Germany economy. Aside from the financial issues experienced in Germany, another significant impact of the World War II(WWII) in Germany was the division of Germany into two (East and West Germany) for around 40 years. The division happened in 1949 and finished on October 1990 to rejoin the different sides. The three Allied Zones of Occupation were united to shape West Germany. These three zones were those that were held by France, United Kingdom, and the United States. The two extraordinary regions in Germans two states were Berlin and the Saarland. Since the West was fairly sorted out, it viewed itself as to have selective command for the entirety of Germany. The Yalta Conference that was held by the Soviet Union, United States, and the United Kingdom pioneers pointed as making ready forward for future courses of action with the Europe after the World War II. It was during the meeting that the pioneers chose to part Germany into four occupation Zones. These Zones included; the French Zone, American Zone, British Zone, and the Soviet Zone. West Germany was shaped in 1949 and included the Western Allied Zones. The Soviet Zones framed the East Germany, which was additionally alluded to as the Germany Democratic Republic. The West Germany economy became so quickly because of the monetary guide from the United States and furthermore the Marshall Plan. In any case, more critically, the money changes that were presented in West Germany reinforced the economy. Both the East and West Germany had common acknowledgment of one another and the connection between the two was standardized by arrangements, for example, the Treaty of Warsaw(1970),Basic Treaty(1972) and the Treaty of Moscow(1970). West Germany got cosmopolitan because of the western culture impacts while East Germany was moderate. The East Germany clung to the communist belief systems, where there was less opportunity when contrasted with West Germany. Likewise, the West Germany government was increasingly decentralized and East Germany had an administration dependent on the Communist ideaologies. The reunification of the East and West Germany happened on 3 October 1990 to shape the Federal Republic of Germany, which is the present Germany. The Berlin Wall was developed in 1961 to isolate the two locales, however it was annihilated in 1989 after the reunification of East and West

Boyfriends and Dating Essays

Beaus and Dating Essays Beaus and Dating Essay Beaus and Dating Essay Paper Topic: Dark Boy Orlando When was more youthful my father would consistently say dont I know simply tanning or kissing a kid could get me pregnant? To certain individuals it would likely be peculiar for them to peruse in light of the fact that they are not use to that kind Of way of life were one needs to shroud their relationship with an other gender from their folks. In America, its basic for grown-ups to tell their folks who they are dating. In the event that I attempt as much as to tell my father that I have a beau, I would presumably get a smack over my face. Between my father and my mother, my mother comprehended the way that at a point in my life, I would date at the perfect time which is the point at which I am full grown enough. In any case, my father doesnt comprehend that t all. At 13 years old, I was living with both my folks when my father moved to America. So was left back home with my mom, siblings and sisters. At this age, I wasnt mature enough to begin dating and I was still in grade school. My psyche wasnt on young men and I didnt think a lot about having a beau. During my first year of secondary school in Africa, young men began moving toward me and was 15 years of age at that point. It may have appeared to be somewhat too soon for me to date yet the greater part of the young ladies my age or much more youthful were dating. I was living with my mom since, my father had moved to America, so it was simpler for me to date in light of the fact that my mother wasnt exacting. She would release me out, yet consistently disclosed to me that I couldnt keep late evenings which was magnificent. I could do all that however I still wasnt permitted to date. In my subsequent year, of secondary school, I went to a similar school as my beau which was the point at which we really began dating and he was my absolute first sweetheart. I had no difficult investing energy with him since we went to a similar school, and saw him consistently days yet there came a point, when we needed to get to know each other after school which implies I needed to come up tit a lie to advise my mother so as to go out and return late without her whining. So I lied, and said was going to read for my tests. Different occasions, my beau would go to my home like he was visiting my sibling however rather he was visiting me. At the point when moved to America, didnt begin dating until my first year in secondary school. I dated my sweetheart for a year and a half year without my father having any information on it. Since my father didnt need me to date or interface with young men, nor talk Of having a male companion; I needed to think of a thought that would at any rate permit e to see him now and again. Now and again when I would go out, would advise my father am setting off to the open library. Around then, I didnt have a PC at home so I would blame the library so as to go out and invested energy with my beau. Different occasions, I would lie and state that am remaining after school, yet rather I proceeded to spend the remainder of the day with my beau. Just as of late, as kept going month, on the ninth of august, my beau stayed with me from Maryland. My father didnt know anything about the mystery with the exception of my siblings and sisters. He came as though he was emulating to see my sibling yet he really came to see me. One thankful day, I returned from work early and I and my sweetheart had discussed going on a supper date. Appreciatively, when I returned home he disclosed to me that my father had gone to work and he wont be back until 1 pm and was energized. Around pm, he and I prepared and headed to T. G. I. Fridays. We ate, talked, giggled and had an impacted. We headed home not realizing my father was back. All through this time, we needed to get back home before he did, however to our most prominent shock he was at that point home before we arrived. I opened the entryway with my keys imagining that my father wasnt back yet, and that was the point at which my younger sibling rushed to the lounge room, and murmured to me father Was back and he is in the kitchen. She advised me to hustle just a bit which I did. At the same time, I removed my heels and gave them to her, all together for my father not to see them. My beau was all the while remaining outside astonished and that was the point at which I instructed him to rush and come inside. When he strolled in, my father likewise exited from the kitchen, and asked us where we coming from? I lied and said that I took my sweetheart to go grab a bite. He additionally lied and stated, he doesnt eat the food we prepared and my father trusted us. I was so soothed I have come to understand that my father love being deceived in light of the fact that each time come clean with him, he generally had brief comment or begin offering superfluous guidance. Than for me to tell my father have a beau I rather stay quiet about it so I wont get a slap. I have come to understand that having a beau would cause me to have a superior comprehension of life and how young men think. Additionally it would be a shorter street driving me towards finding my own significant other sometime in the not so distant future. So dont see anything incorrectly in having a beau like my father thinks. Exposition #2 Motherland. Throughout everyday life, everyone has gone over a spot they will recollect for the remainder of their lives. In this world, there are a variety of spots one could run over, and just thoroughly begin to look all starry eyed at, yet my circumstance is unique in relation to certain individuals, since I havent truly visited rest. Where aside from my country, and the United States of America, Orlando Florida to be accurate in which I am situated at starting today. In my life, the unrivaled spot I could always remember about is my nation Cameroon. Cameroon is situated in the West Central piece of Africa which its near Nigeria. It is a bilingual nation which implies they communicate in English, and French. It is known as the republic of Cameroon in English and rapplique du Cameroon in French. Cameroon was attach by Britain and France which gave the principle motivation behind why its bilingual. It has a mountain situated in the city of BEA, and a national youth day on the eleventh of February, and furthermore a national day on the twentieth of May. Cameroon is additionally known for its extraordinary football crew (soccer). Cameroon is incredible in agribusiness since individuals for the most part plant and shows up their own food, so by this the individuals of the land set aside cash. There is a race called the mountain race of expectation which happens in BEA every year. BEA happens to be the city was conceived, and brought up in. My nation is exceptionally interesting to me since this was the spot I had my first instruction, and it was a similar spot I had my absolute first experience of having a beau. This is the spot every one of my families experience childhood in, and still live until today. Ivied in Cameroon for a long time, with the goal that implies had experienced various encounters all through my life as a youngster. My nation has various of efferent dialects, clans, and societies in which have developed to cherish, and appreciate. Learn new things consistently when I lived in Cameroon; I learned four unique dialect s which are English, French, my tongue, and Pidgin English. I am for the most part familiar with English, and pidgin. Was a persevering individual back home in Cameroon, since we had kid work which implies we went to the homestead, and worked, and plant crops with our folks, and furthermore in school. We didnt have individuals to clean for us at school since we needed to do it without anyone's help, and it helped me to know a smidgen about existence, and what it brings to the table. This spot is uncommon to me a great deal, since this is the place I originally figured out how to cook for my family, and furthermore came to cherish moving. I used to move for my school, Inter Comprehensive High School. This was really the absolute in front of the rest of the competition I cherished moving, in light of the fact that it satisfies me. I used to perform for my school on the national youth week which is held each year all over the nation. I additionally used to move on ability appears, in light of the fact that I was great at what I do. In my neighborhood, and school was mainstream, since individuals knew me as an extraordinary artist. Something that spurred me to move as the music since I cherished the mood, and how it affects me all in all. The music from my nation is exceptionally intriguing and interesting to me, in light of the fact that the music has its own beat, and its blend in with various societies and customs, and its elusive in different spots. Numerous individuals may think getting a challenging is a truly awful thing yet it isn't so much that awful when its vital and spot youngsters on the correct position. I am stating this out of experience in light of the fact that in my nation its like a convention to thrash a child when they accomplish something incorrectly or disregard an older individual. All through my life, n my nation I have gotten challenged for a few distinct reasons and it arrived at a point where I just became accustomed to IL One day, in elementary school, I had morning classes, and my educator had trained the entire class and she chose to pose inquiries, and when she asked me I didnt know the response to the inquiry, and she utilized a long and enormous whip and challenge me all over my body like I was a creature. I was extremely vexed to where I needed to leave the class yet didnt on the grounds that would have gotten additionally beating. Some other time, was when was in auxiliary school with my senior sibling and our English instructor asked my sibling an inquiry about what we had realized in the past class and he didnt know, so the educator smacked him over his face twice, and I felt so humiliated that she had hit him before me, so I ensured never get slapped by her in light of the fact that my senior sibling had gotten five fingers all over from her slaps, and I unquestionably didnt need to be in his situation as long as I was in her group. Different occasions, when get challenged would be the point at which I disregard my folks, got back home late, and furthermore in school when made commotion in class w

How to Setup and Manage Your Request For Proposals (RFPs)

How to Setup and Manage Your Request For Proposals (RFPs) A request for proposal or RFP is an effective tool for businesses to search for the best products/services at the most reasonable prices by finding the appropriate vendor or supplier. It is a method through which businesses send requests to a number of possible suppliers so that these suppliers can create and send their business proposals and one among these proposals can then be selected. © Shutterstock.com | chattanongzenIn this article, we shall learn more about 1) what is a RFP, 2) what purpose it serves and 3) how can you setup and manage your RFP. So what are we waiting for, let’s read on to find out.REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS (RFPs)A request for proposal or RFP is an invitation for all potential vendors and service providers to participate in the bidding process for certain product or service. Such requests are done by a company that is keen to purchase those products or services. The idea of this invitation is to collect several business proposals submitted by all potential vendors or a suppliers and to select one or some of them to complete the requested project. An RFP must be submitted by your business during the procurement stage or initial study phases of a project. It is in the form of a document in which your organization can state what it is looking for and also provide evaluation or assessment criteria for proposals.An RFP is an important document that c an influence the kinds of products or commodities your organization ultimately acquires since such documents have the capability to influence the response from supplier. Thus, you must pay enough attention while framing the request and make sure it has all the main points that are needed for the supplier’s knowledge and insight to prepare a appropriate proposal. The following are some of the functions that an RFP must try to fulfill:It must inform the recipients/suppliers that your business is keen to procure.It must encourage suppliers to showcase their best efforts by hinting that the selection process will be highly competitive.It must specify exactly which product/service/commodity your organization is looking to procure.It must enable wide response and distribution.It must make sure that suppliers give their response appropriately by giving instructions for a response.Similar requestsJust like a request for proposal, there are certain other similar requests that are drafted a nd sent by business organizations to their suppliers or other parties in order to get certain feedback from them. The following are the other 4 types of similar requests:Request for Quotation A request for quotation or RFQ is a kind of a request made when there is no need for a complete proposal and when price is the main aspect on the basis of which the supplier is selected. An RFQ can also be used before an RFP to get an idea of the price range.Request for Qualification RFQ or request for qualification is another type of a request that is distributed before starting the RFP procedure. This kind of a request is used to collect supplier information so as to establish a database of possible vendors and then shortlist the few suitable ones.Request for Information An RFI is a request for information about products and services that are available to meet the demands of the buyer. This helps buyers know strengths and capabilities of the various suppliers before a major procurement.Req uest for Tender An RFT is more commonly used by a government in order to request all possible suppliers to send their proposals for a big project.HOW TO SETUP AND MANAGE YOUR REQUEST FOR PROPOSALSA RFP, as stated above is a highly important document for your organization as it can help you win the best vendors and long term associations. This is why, it is important to pay a lot of attention to writing it and setting up the entire procedure. A well-written RFP should focus on your main objectives and your expectations from the vendor. It must be properly structured and well-formatted so that it looks professional. When you start setting up your RFP, you must have a clear goal in mind and base the entire drafting process with this goal in mind.Besides setting up an RFP, managing it is another thing that you must pay enough attention to. Right from the first step of assembling the team to the last phase of sending out the RFPs, each step must be given enough weightage and must be man aged well. The following are the main steps to set up and manage your RFPs:Step #1.     Include the right peopleThe first step that you must follow in order to set up an RFP is to form a team that will be responsible for the creation  of the RFP document as well as the management of the RFP process later. It is a good idea to start with a small team of people so that the variety of perspectives as well as the skills possessed by each individual can be focused and streamlined easily. The team members must be selected by you carefully by considering their knowledge, skills possessed, suitability to the project as well as their experience in the particular field. Each individual selected must be truly involved in the process and should be able to make a considerable contribution to the project. If the team selected turns out to be large, then groups within the team can be formed and duties can be delegated so as to ensure smooth functioning of the process.Step #2.     Research and diff erentiate between wants and needsAn RFP that you create must be clear, concise and self-explanatory. It must not confuse the recipients in any way and should create a distinction between your needs and your wants. To create this differentiation, you first need to understand and analyze what your needs are and how are they different from your wants. A need is an absolute necessity whereas a want is an additional choice. Your RFP team must clearly specify your necessities and expectations from the vendor or the products and services offered. The ‘wants’ can then be stated additionally by including words like ‘may’, ‘optional’, ‘additional’, etc.Perform some research while creating this differentiation so that you can be absolutely sure about the things that you definitely require and the things that you can still do without.Step #3.     Writing the RFPOf course, one of the most important parts of the overall RFP process is writing the RFP document. Whatever you write i n this document must be pre-planned and well organized. An RFP must be written only after you have defined your needs and are aware of your main requirements. In order to draft it effectively, you must first create an outline and include the main sections that you will need. The following are the main sections of an RFP which you need to include and pay attention to:Introduction Your RFP must have a solid introduction that gives an outline of the request and states its objectives. You must briefly explain why you are writing an RFP and what you hope to achieve from it. Provide a summary of the main points in not more than a few words and make sure that you include the due date clearly.Background information The suppliers who will be receiving your request must know who this request is coming from. This is why, it is important to write down information about your organization including its name, address, what it does, how long has it been in the industry and a brief history.Descrip tion of the project The RFP must also speak about your project and company. It should be able to give out information about the purpose of the project.Requirements This part is one of the main sections of the RFP and must consist of the detailed explanation of what are your main needs and requirements for vendors. Be very sure of what exactly you want and then translate it on the RFP professionally. All the bidders are able to make a suitable or appropriate bid only when they know what requirements they have to fulfill. Those requirements can be stated in a point-wise format and must be easy to understand.Expectations The RFP must also state clearly the kind of expectations your business has with vendors, products or services so that a vendor who is not able to meet these expectations may not send a proposal at all.Selection criteria It is important for you to explain clearly the criteria based on which the winning bid will be selected. The criteria for choosing one or more vend ors must be made absolutely clear and transparent so that the vendors can gear up and get ready for putting their best foot forward.Timelines Besides the deadline for submition of proposals, which you need to specify in your RFP document, you also need to create a timeline of processes and procedures that will take place from the starting of the project, till its end. Be practical and flexible as far as the deadlines are concerned so as to enable the vendors to work freely and be encouraged to respond to you.Step #4.     Identify who and how to send RFPsAnother thing that can help you with setting up and managing your RFP is to decide how and who to send it to. Most companies mail RFPs, but this is not the only method of distributing them across vendors. You can also send the RFPs through the mail or simply post them on your website and notify your vendors about it.Now, you need to identify and decide who to send the RFPs to. Most businesses tend to have already a list of vendors. In case you don’t have such list, you can find potential vendors and narrow down the list by going through the professional network. Try to limit the number of recipients for your request and narrow down the overall list so as to make the second half of the procedure easier for yourself.Sending RFPs to only known vendors of big companies in the industry may not be the best idea since even small or new vendors may meet your requirement or expectations. Moreover, small vendors are sometimes more keen on winning new contracts and may hence give a better overall performance.Step #5.     Consider a confidentiality clauseAll the suppliers and vendors who take out time to respond to your request and send in their proposals might have certain reservations about the confidentiality of the information they are sharing with you. If they do not find a confidentiality clause or its reference in the request, they may not even respond back, since to most, security of their data is of supreme imp ortance. So make it a point to introduce a clause of confidentiality which states that you agree to not reveal the information of the vendors in any situation or circumstance. This will help the vendors to trust you and divulge important or sensitive information. Of course, the request will not consist of the entire contract but should point out to the main clause.Step #6.     Check details of deliveryYou need to double check on the manner in which you wish to receive RFPs. There are many ways in which this can be done, and some of them include hard copy, fax submission, and email submission. Also, you must be clear about how many copies you wish to receive from the vendors. You must specify your preferred details of delivery in the request in order to avoid any confusion for the vendors and to make way for a smooth process. If you do not enter these details, each proposal received by you will be different and may not be suitable to your liking. Some of the other details that you ma y want to specify include last date for submission, the correct time zone, the signatures needed on the proposals and others.Step #7.   Collect evaluate VendorsAfter fully finalizing the RFP document and sending it across several vendors, you will start collect the proposals from them. When going through the proposals rate the vendors and define the winner by keeping in mind your key evaluation criteria.POSSIBLE PROBLEMS AND HOW TO HANDLE THEMAn RFP is a crucial document that can bring some order and structure to the procurement decision for your business. It allows you to compare different suppliers and then select the one that offers you the best products/services at the most suitable rates. But in spite of its benefits and good intent, an RFP can have some inherent problems that may need resolving in order to gain the maximum out of it. The following are some of the possible problems with hints to handling them:Poor odds An RFP is usually sent across to several companies (even hundreds of them) but the number of responses received may not always be huge. This means that there is a high chance that the supplier who was most suitable for you may not respond to your request, thus leading to overall poor odds. You may still find business from the remaining supplier who did respond, but it may not the best option for you. In order to improve your odds, you must try to build a relationship with the procurement manager of your company and hire someone experienced for this job. Improving the odds may depend a lot upon the skills and expertise of this employee.Predefined procedures Another major problem with an RFP that may act as a roadblock for you to find the best supplier is the strict deadlines and predefined procedures that it consists of. However important deadlines and a well-structured procedure maybe for you, it may not always allow the supplier to be flexible and work according to his suitability. When a supplier receives a request for proposal and see s stringent specifications, he may lose half the interest and may not even respond. Thus, you must make it a point to allow a practice timeline and make it an effort to consider the comfort of the vendors as well.Preexisting associations If your business has had a few pre-existing business relationships with certain vendors who performed well on previous occasions, then this may give them a biased edge over others and may hurt the RFP process. In order to avoid the unfair competition among vendors, make it a point not to favor a known supplier on flimsy grounds. Always have a fair procedure of selection of the vendor from the bunch of proposals received.

Analysis Of The Knight And His Tale - 2835 Words

An Analysis of the Knight and His Tale in The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales, a poem consisting of several tales told by various pilgrims, is perhaps the most well known work of Geoffrey Chaucer. The Canterbury Tales Chaucer introduces the pilgrims in the general prologue many of the pilgrims in a satirical manner. In prologue to The Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer introduces the Knight as â€Å"a true perfect gentle-knight,† (5) who exemplifies the code of chivalry. The tale that the Knight later narrates is appropriate because it tells of two knights fighting for the hand of the same maiden while remaining chivalrous. The image of a knight was not always romantic nor was it noble. It was not until after the Norman Conquest that the term â€Å"knight† began to signify nobility. As the image a knight shifted to represent an elite member of society, The Catholic Church developed a chivalric code in order to govern the behavior of knights. (Rogers 263-264). According to chivalric code, knights were bound to defend society, treat women with honor and respect, remain faithful to God, and exemplify courtly love, the desire or a need to serve a noble woman (Rogers 100). However, while most knights attempted to follow the chivalric code very few of them were able to become perfect knights (Corrick 35). The concepts of chivalry and a perfect knight are prominent in Chaucer’s description of the knight in the general prologue (Rogers100-101). Becoming a night worthy of such aShow MoreRelatedSir Gawain and the Green Knight, and One Thousand and One Nights1097 Words   |  4 PagesGreen Knight† and â€Å"One Thousand and One Night† both are marvelous works. The similarities between these Arabian tales and Sir Gawain and the Green night are very striking. The scholar Edward L. Risden in his analysis of â€Å"One Thousand and One Nights,† mentioned â€Å"Sir Gawain and Green Knight† and some of the main subjects of both of these tales. After reading Norton’s â€Å"Sir Gawain and Green Knight† and Geraldine Mccaughrean’s â€Å"Arabian Nights,† I intend to show that â€Å"Sir Gawain and Green Knight† was writtenRead MoreKnights Of The Middle Ages1692 Words   |  7 Pagesconduct and ethics to which all knights were held. These knights were bound by a code of honor. Each knight had to swear that he would defend â€Å"the weak, the poor, widows, orphans, and the op pressed. He was to be courteous, especially to women; brave; loyal to his leaders; and concerned about the welfare of his subordinates, or those of lesser rank and position† (Schlager par. 30). Knights of the Middle Ages were not always considered to be of high social status. Knights emerged in the late 900s as aRead MoreChaucer s The Man Of Law s Tale1269 Words   |  6 Pagesauthors to use rape in English literature (Schaus). 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While the pilgrims are gathered at the inn, Chaucer observes the pilgrims and records a descriptive account of twenty-seven of the pilgrims, which include a knight and a monk. When readingRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales : An Analysis Of Medieval Life By Geoffrey Chaucer939 Words   |  4 PagesCanterbury Tales: An Analysis of Medieval Life by Geoffrey Chaucer The Canterbury Tales is strongly considered one of the greatest works in medieval literature. An admirer of Chaucer, and the author of Chaucer and the Fifteenth Century, H.S. Bennett describes Chaucer’s unique style as, â€Å"No detail was too small for him to observe, and from it he could frequently draw, or suggest, conclusions which would have escaped many.† While The Canterbury Tales was originally intended to be an epic poemRead More Summary and Analysis of The Millers Tale Essay1370 Words   |  6 PagesSummary and Analysis of The Millers Tale When the Knight had finished, everybody decided that he had told a noble story. The drunken Miller claims that he has a tale as noble as the one the Knight had told. The host tried to quiet the Miller, but he demanded to speak. He claims that he will tell the tale of a carpenter and his wife. His tale will be one of infidelity. The narrator attempts to apologize for the tale that will follow, admitting that the Miller is not well-bred and will thereforeRead MoreGender Oriented Analysis in Wife of Bath by Geoffrey Chaucer Essay1424 Words   |  6 Pagesmore in-depth discussion and gender-oriented analysis than the majority. She is in turn praised and criticized for her behavior and her worldview; critics can’t seem to decide whether she is a strong portrayal of 14th century feminism or a cutting mockery of the female sex. Both her tale and its prologue are riddled with themes of conflict and power struggle between the sexes, and the victor of this battle is not made explicit. Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales being a parody of various societal conceptionsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Wife Of Bath 1660 Words   |  7 PagesThe Canterbury Fails: An Analysis of Misogyny in the Wife of Bath’s Tale At first glance, you wouldn’t think that the Wife of Bath’s tale is anything other than feminist. She is, undeniably, the only non-religious female character in The Canterbury Tales and therefore is the only character who is approached from a point of view that was generally uncommon. We don’t have many— or even any, as far as I’m aware— pieces of medieval literature written by or for women or with a main female protagonistRead MoreThe Wife Of Bath s Prologue1134 Words   |  5 Pagesfemale authority through â€Å"The Wife of Bath’s Tale.† Throughout the tale, a woman ultimately decides the outcome of a knight destined for death. When a knight is accused of raping a woman, the king is supposed to determine his fate and the consequences he would endure for his crime. The king diverts his authority and leaves the decision up to the queen, his wife. This is a direct shift in authorial power. In this example, a man had willingly gi ven away his beliefs and rights to a woman because he feltRead More Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay - Women in The Wife of Bath1433 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in Chaucers The Wife of Bath Chaucers The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale is a medieval legend that paints a portrait of strong women finding love and themselves in the direst of situations. It is presented to the modern day reader as an early tale of feminism showcasing the ways a female character gains power within a repressive, patriarchal society. Underneath the simplistic plot of female empowerment lies an underbelly of anti-feminism. Sometimes this is presented blatantly

Childhood Obesity A Growing Disease - 1492 Words

Childhood obesity in America is a growing disease that has become an epidemic that has lasting psychological effects because of advertisement of fast food, lack of physical activities, and parental control has made food become a major health issue in many young teenagers’ lives today. Who is to blame? Childhood obesity has more than tripled in the past 30 years (cdc.gov). this takes us to the focus of how childhood obesity has become an enormous issue today. For us to understand the impact of obesity and why we should prevent it, we will need to figure out the causes of obesity and what keeps people obese. The first step for us to look at is childhood obesity, even if children are slightly overweight and not quite obese at childhood, their childhood is laying the foundation for possible obesity in their future. The primary argument for childhood obesity is between three factors: 1. How parents may be aiding in unhealthy eating habits. 2. What the schools are serving to the children. 3. How much physical activities children are participating in. Many parents tend to typecast obesity more as a social issue rather than a health issue. As lead author and registered dietitian Susan T. Borra, International Food Information Council (IFIC) Foundation senior vice president, director of nutrition from (Parents, Kids Don’t Perceive Obesity as a Health Problem From Journal of the American Dietetic Association) states; â€Å"Parents indicated that theyShow MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Activity Budget714 Words   |  3 PagesHealth Promotion Activity Budget Childhood obesity is one of the most prevelant epidemics plagueing American youth. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) only 18 percent of all American youth were able to pass the 2008 national fitness standards (A Growing Problem, 2012). This means the vast majority of American youth are incapable of satisfactorally meeting fitness requirements such as completing pushups, running laps in a specific time, and stretching their musclesRead MoreChildhood Obesity Analysis1473 Words   |  6 PagesParents Child Caretakers Obesity in America is literally a growing problem, affecting every age group. Children are the most venerable group because they have no control over where they have dinner or how often they have fast food. Parents and guardians make decisions about food and are responsible for the health of children. Childhood obesity has more than doubled in the last twenty years. This is concerning because Type Two diabetes is a horrible, crippling disease that is affecting childrenRead MoreThe Growing Epidemic Of Obesity787 Words   |  4 Pagespatients living with chronic diseases such as type II diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity. 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Obesity is theRead MoreA Child s Silent Killer1266 Words   |  6 Pagesin incidence. The individuals affected are our children and adolescents. No this â€Å"disease† is not untreatable, it is not contagious and there is no chemo involved yet it continues to grow. Why? When asked to present a problem and a solution, what bigger a problem and easier a solution than the underrated concern of childhood obesity in the United States. Childhood obesity is a serious, life threatening and growing medical concern in the U .S. today which can be prevented by educating parents, andRead MoreObesity Is The Type Of Disease That Is Infectious1248 Words   |  5 PagesObesity may not be the type of disease that is infectious. However, it has reached heights of epidemic proportions and poses a public health challenge, not only in Australia but globally. 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Monologue of Spider Free Essays

string(51) " for a few weeks, I came across a town of natives\." â€Å"Eeeeeeeeeew, yuk, I don’t want to sit next to HIM, Miss, that’s so unfair!† I went through so many comments like that every day. Everyone thought that if they were put next to me they would catch my ‘outcast disease’. I’ve never had a proper friend. We will write a custom essay sample on Monologue of Spider or any similar topic only for you Order Now You know, one who would give you their last Rolo, or spend hours trying to explain the homework to you, even if you didn’t get it by the end. All the years through infant school, then primary school and then secondary school were hell. My school grades were always bad. The teachers would say that I was lazy and couldn’t be bothered to do the work, when really that couldn’t have been more wrong. I tried so hard, I really did, but my mind just couldn’t concentrate. The words got muddled up on the page and letters switched around. All of this made it practically impossible for me to read and write. However I was thought of as idle and sluggish, because my speaking was almost immaculate. (Spider walking up a path) My bad grades were just another reason to spark off an argument between my parents. They used to love each other. It was fine when I was very small, I had no worries in the world and a loving mother and father. Then, when I was a little older, six or seven, maybe, my father had an affair. The affair only lasted a little while and my mum agreed to take my dad back, but they were never the same again. Dad would come back from the pub very late, maybe even very, very early in the morning, stinking of beer and fags. Then mum would start an argument with him. I used to hide in my room whilst this was going on. I would crouch under my bed-sheets, and hum to myself, trying to block out the shouting and screaming going on below me. I left school as soon as I could after my GCSE’s. I didn’t get any good marks in them either. My life was over. Would anyone actually notice if I just curled up and died? I had no qualifications and no college or sixth form to go to. Not that I would go anyway. I had put up with bullying all my life, college would be just the same, nasty comments, no friends, not being able to get to sleep, dreading what the next day held. The next few years of my life wasted away to nothing. I had no job, and not having any qualifications meant I wasn’t going to get one either. I just stayed at home, with mum nagging at me every day, telling me what a failure I was. I tried not to pay any attention. I think it made her feel better to take out her anger on someone. I didn’t take anything she said personally. Then, one morning, as I stared into the mirror, I stepped back and took a look at my life. Was this really what I wanted? No job. No friends. No life. If I did die, I think less than 20 people would turn up to my funeral. That thought really scared me. So, I decided I was going to do something with my life. Anything, just so I could say that I had done something and everything hadn’t been a complete waste. I made the biggest decision of my life. I sold my pride and joy, my beautiful, red Harley Davidson. It was given to me as a gift by my granddad, just before he passed away. Granddad never thought I was a failure. He believed in me, always encouraging me. I was devastated when he died. You have to move on though and that’s what I am doing now. I almost cried as I parted with it. I managed to get quite a good price for it though. That day I left my home for good. I left mother a note on the kitchen table, which simply said; â€Å"Mother, I am going away to make something of my life. Maybe I will come back to visit some day . . . Love you always, Gregory.† I left home, armed with the à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 I got for the bike and with my life in a blue hiking bag. * * * â€Å"Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. On behalf of British Airways, I would like to wish you a pleasant flight. If at any time you require assistance, please press the red button above your head and a flight member will be with you soon to help. Have a nice flight!† I sat on the plane and stared out of the misty window. This was finally it. I had left all my problems in Bristol. Time to start a new life. I hadn’t thought about where I was going to go, I had just picked up a cheap, last minute ticket to Africa. I didn’t know much about Africa, well, nothing really. I’d watched a few documentaries back at home, but I hardly knew anything about it as a country. Five hours later I arrived in Morocco. (Four months later, Spider is now sat in a tree) I trudged through the wet, cold rainforest miserably for days on end. I lived on the food I could find, which was hardly anything. From the lack of food and what it was, I was experiencing excruciating hunger pains and I had a terrible bout of food poisoning. All this meant I was constantly in agonising pain. The only thing that kept me going, was the thought of how much worse it had been in Bristol. You see, mental pain hurts so much more than physical. Tablets can not obliterate pain inside and somehow the physical pain felt slightly comforting. I guess it was the same sort of adrenaline you would get if you cut yourself. After struggling my way through the rainforest for a few weeks, I came across a town of natives. You read "Monologue of Spider" in category "Papers" First of all I saw a group of little straw huts, with a fire blazing in between them. Around this fire, coloured African men with war paint on were doing an astounding dance. Whilst they danced they chanted an indescribable verse of strange sounds, which was accompanied by the steady beat of a large drum. I gazed upon them in awe, not completely sure what to do or think. My brain told me to run away, I had heard that natives do not take kindly to intruders, but my heart told me to stay a little longer and watch this fascinating ritual. Then, all of a sudden, a big chief native bellowed out something in African, which made everything come to a halt. The dancing stopped, the chanting stopped and the booming of the drum halted. I started to become very nervous and was just about to leave, when all of the natives started charging towards me! My heart jumped into my throat, as I stood there dumbfounded. I tried to run but my feet wouldn’t move an inch, they were getting closer and closer to me. Finally I started to run but it was too late. I felt my arms being twisted back as they grabbed hold of me. I struggled to get away but they were too strong. Then I felt a blow to the back of my head and that was the last thing I remembered. I woke up later that night with a thumping headache. It was dark and cold. I looked around me, then as my eyes adjusted to the light, I vaguely made out the hard walls beside me with one small hole looking out to the starry sky. I was lying on the floor of some kind of cell, a prison-like cell, on top of some straw. It was then that I realised the full extent of my actions. Obviously, the natives had captured me and there was no escape, minus the tiny window about five feet above the floor, and the iron barred door. â€Å"What would they do to me?† I asked myself, shaking at the thought. If only I had stayed back in Bristol, none of this would be happening now. I could be sat at home, watching the television, back with all my problems . . . â€Å"No† I thought again. I came here to get away from all that. Anything is better than that, even if it does mean being eaten alive by natives. (Spider is now looking quite upset, the shot is of him sat by a river) After that I must have dropped off. Strange how that happened in the given circumstances. I guess I was pretty tired, I hadn’t had a decent night’s sleep for ages. Everywhere I tried to sleep was freezing and damp and believe it or not nothing had been as comfy as that straw on the floor. I was awoken again by a deep, loud voice. I opened my eyes startled and saw before me a very large man with a very big spear and a plate. My eyes widened with fright. Looking gruff, he then placed the plate on the floor, which had what looked like a collection of small oranges on and shoved it along the floor to me. â€Å"Man eat food now,† he said, then grunted, and stomped out locking the door behind him. I sat there, my emotions mixed with confusion and fright. Should I eat it? It could be poisonous. Then again, the other option was to die from being eaten alive so . . .I opted for eating the food. Besides, I was so hungry. I grabbed some and shoved them in my mouth, hardly bothering to chew. They actually tasted really good. They were the sweetest things I’d eaten in ages. The plate was soon empty and my stomach growled for more. For a while I just sat there thinking. The sun shined brightly through the little hole in the wall and I heard the chirping of birds from outside. Then, all of a sudden, one bird flew straight through the tiny gap and banged headfirst into the wall on the other side of my cell. It fell to the floor; it’s small body motionless. A wave of sadness flowed over me as I stared at the poor creature. Then I heard a little â€Å"cheep, cheep† and the bird hopped up onto it’s feet again. â€Å"Thank goodness† I thought. It is saved. I looked at it again and as it tried to fly away, only one wing would work. It twisted and turned frantically trying to get away, but sadly it couldn’t. It soon ran out of energy and flopped to the floor again. I went over and saw it’s tiny chest beating, it’s wing was obviously broken. I studied around me for anything that would help the bird. I spotted a twig that looked quite strong and I gathered up some of the hay off of the floor. I then carefully attached the twig to the bird’s wing with the straw, to act as a kind of splint. The little thing was now too exhausted to be frightened which was good. Now aware that it’s wing was better, the bird stood up and tried to fly. At first it was just small jumps, which progressed to get bigger. I heard loud footsteps approaching the cell door and I backed towards the other side of the room. It was the same man as before, he had come to collect the plate. As he unlocked the door and came in, he saw the pretty bird hopping around with my attempt of a splint on. He stared at it in amazement. â€Å"You help this bird?† he questioned. â€Å"Yyyyesss†, I stammered, shaking like a leaf. He looked surprised. â€Å"Man is good, he help bird†, he said. Then did what I presumed to be a smile, I wasn’t too sure though. Then he left. A few minutes later, the man from before came in again, but this time followed by another member of the tribe. â€Å"You will come with us now†, the new man said, in an even deeper voice than the first one. They led me out of the cell and took me to the place where I had first laid eyes on this village. It was pretty early in the morning, so there wasn’t a fire, but everything else was pretty much the same. I was greeted by the faces of at least fifty natives, all covered in war paint and wearing native dress, staring at me like I was some sort of alien. I felt so out of place and scared. Whispering went on between the audience as I was led up to the front. Then, everyone went silent as the steady beat of the drum began once more. All of the tribe bowed down, as who I assumed to be the chief came out of one of the biggest little huts. He was wearing a beautifully ornate head-dress, accompanied by long, beige, cotton robes with tassels coming off. He walked solemnly up to me and stared at me straight in the eye. The whole tribe was silent now and even the drum had ceased it’s beating. â€Å"Man, you trespassed onto our land. Punishment for trespassing, is death!† he said, almost shouting at the end. Everyone gasped and started their whispering again. I just stood there trembling. â€Å"But!† he carried on â€Å"you have shown great kindness and selflessness in helping little sacred saskarpelli bird. Therefore your punishment has been lifted. You will no longer die† I sighed a huge sigh of relief and my heart returned to it’s normal pace. â€Å"And,† he started again, â€Å"As a show of our gratitude, I would like to make you an honorary member of our tribe†, he smiled and the crowd started shouting and cheering. Before I knew it I was being dressed up and having war paint painted on my face. I spent the whole day with them, chanting and dancing, like I had seen them do the night before. It was truly the most amazing, strange and scary forty-eight hours of my life! The next day I bid my farewells and carried on my journey. I had a full stomach and plenty more food to keep me going on my way until my next adventure . . . How to cite Monologue of Spider, Papers

Respect Essays (391 words) - Behavior, Anti-social Behaviour

Respect It is something everyone wants, not many have, and few want to give. Most people would appreciate "just a little bit," and most should give just that. Unfortunately, a lot of the time, this does not happen. Perhaps this is because the concept of respect is not understood. What exactly is respect? The dictionary defines it as an act of giving particular attention or high or special regard. This does not explain what it is; it only outlines what it may be. In general, though, respect can be broken down into three main forms. The first is the respect of others. "Others" includes your peers, teachers, parents, and everyone else. It is adding a ma'am or sir to the end of a sentence. It is obeying in class and not being rowdy in the hallway. It is the respect of their ideas and what they stand for. It is what brings people together, and if not used, it is what can tear people apart. The second form of respect is the respect of property. This includes anything from writing on a desk at school to stealing from a department store. Property, whether it is the school's, a company's, a stranger's, or a friends, should always be respected. Respect means taking that extra few seconds to drive the speed limit so as not to hit anyone or anything. It means not smashing a pumpkin at Halloween just for fun. It means not throwing that piece of trash on the ground. That is respect. Lastly, one must respect his or herself. This respect is holding your head high and respecting your own opinions. Its acknowledging that you have ideas and then sharing them because you are not afraid of what others may think. It is not letting peer pressure and other things effect the way you think or want to think. Respect for yourself is the most important of all because without it, you would have no respect for others. Now that you know a brief, but clearer, explanation, of respect, practice it. Practice at school, at home, or at work. Say thank you, please, and you're welcome. Clear your dishes, don't beat up your little brother, and try not to block the hallway. Don't be afraid to share your thoughts and opinions. Respect other people, their property, and above all, respect yourself.

Love and Interest, Tree of Red Stars essays

Love and Interest, Tree of Red Stars essays Often in life we are faced with challenges that force us to make decisions that can have conflicts with other values and beliefs that we have. In the novel Tree of Red Stars by Tessa Bridal, the characters Madga, Emilia, and Marco are all faced with difficult decisions that force them to make choices between what they love, and what they value in life. The time is set in the 1960s and the country of Uruguay is having an internal conflict, or revolution, in which rebels are trying to take control of the government. Anyone living in a country like this would have to make difficult decisions, such as rebelling, being neutral, or patriotic. The choices and consequences of these decisions affect not only the people that make them but also the people around them. Madga is one such person who touched the lives of many people in making her decision to join the Tupas. Her involvement eventually led to the unfortunate arrest and punishment of one of her best friends, Emilia. Madga is merely trying to fight for a better government that will be responsible. Her interests and involvement here became a conflict with her love for Emilia. Ironically, the exact opposite may happen as well. Ones love for another can force them to make decisions that conflict with their interests. Even though a person may want something, if it forces them to give up who or what they love, then they have to make a decision. Emilia is faced with very difficult choices several places in the book, and she shows her tendency at a very young age, to pick what she loves over other values she might have. Emilia loves Peter, but because of the Tupas and the revolution in Uruguay, their relationship is torn apart. Emilia believes it is all the Tupas fault, and would much rather have a family with Peter and live in a corrupted country, than to possibly not be with Peter. People make these decisions based on what they believe to b ...

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution

The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution deals with several aspects of U.S. citizenship and the rights of citizens. Ratified on July 9, 1868, during the post-Civil War era, the 14th, along with the 13th and 15th Amendments, are collectively known as the Reconstruction Amendments. Although the 14th Amendment was intended to protect the rights of the recently freed slaves, it has continued to play a major role in constitutional politics to this day.   In response to the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th Amendment, many Southern states enacted laws known as Black Codes designed to continue to deny African Americans certain rights and privileges enjoyed by white citizens. Under the states Black Codes, recently freed slaves were not allowed to travel widely, own certain types of property, or sue in court. In addition, African Americans could be jailed for not being able to repay their debts, leading to racially-discriminating labor practices like the leasing of convicts to private businesses. The 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Of the three Reconstruction amendments, the 14th is the most complicated and the one that has had the more unforeseen effects. Its broad goal was to reinforce the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which ensured that all persons born in the United States were citizens and were to be given full and equal benefit of all laws. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 protected the â€Å"civil† rights of all citizens, such as the right to sue, make contracts, and buy and sell property. However, it failed to protect â€Å"political† rights, like the right to vote and hold office, or â€Å"social† rights guaranteeing equal access to schools and other public accommodations. Congress had intentionally omitted those protections in hopes of averting the bill’s veto by President Andrew Johnson (1808–1875). When the Civil Rights Act landed on President Johnsons desk, he fulfilled his promise to veto it. Congress, in turn, overrode the veto and the measure became law. Johnson, a Tennessee Democrat and staunch supporter of states’ rights, had clashed repeatedly with the Republican-controlled Congress. Fearing President Johnson and Southern politicians would attempt to undo the protections of the Civil Rights Act, Republican congressional leaders began work on what would become the 14th Amendment. Ratification and the States After clearing Congress in June of 1866, the 14th Amendment went to the states for ratification. As a condition for readmittance to the Union, the former Confederate states were required to approve the amendment. This became a point of contention between Congress and Southern leaders. The 14th Amendment.   U.S. National Archives Connecticut was the first state to ratify the 14th Amendment on June 30, 1866. During the next two years, 28 states would ratify the amendment, although not without incident. Legislatures in Ohio and New Jersey both rescinded their states pro-amendment votes. In the South, Louisiana and North and South Carolina refused initially to ratify the amendment. Nevertheless, the 14th Amendment was declared formally ratified on July 28, 1868. The 14th Amendment and the Civil Rights Cases of 1883 With its passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Congress attempted to bolster the 14th Amendment. Also known as the â€Å"Enforcement Act,† the 1875 Act guaranteed all citizens, regardless of race or color, equal access to public accommodations and transportation, and made it illegal to exempt them from serving on juries. In 1883, however, the U.S. Supreme Court, in its Civil Rights Cases decisions, overturned the public accommodation sections of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and declared that the 14th Amendment did not give Congress the power to dictate the affairs of private businesses.   As a result of the Civil Rights Cases, while African Americans had been declared legally â€Å"free† U.S. citizens by the 14th Amendment, they continue to face discrimination in society, economics, and politics into the 21st century. Amendment Sections The 14th Amendment contains five sections, of which the first contains the most impactful provisions.   Section One guarantees all rights and privileges of citizenship to any and all persons born or naturalized in the United States. It also guarantees all Americans their constitutional rights and prohibits the states from passing laws limiting those rights. Lastly, it ensures that no citizens right to life, liberty, or property will be denied without due process of law.    Section Two specifies that the process of apportionment used to fairly distribute seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the states must be based on the whole population, including freed African American slaves. Prior to this, African Americans had been under-counted when apportioning representation. The section also guaranteed the right to vote to all male citizens age 21 years or older. Section Three forbids anyone who participates or has participated in â€Å"insurrection or rebellion† against the United States from holding any elected or appointed federal office. The section was intended to prevent former Confederate military officers and politicians from holding federal offices. Section Four addresses the federal debt by confirming that the neither the United States nor any state could be forced to pay for lost slaves or debts that had been incurred by the Confederacy as a result of their participation in the Civil War.   Section Five, also known as the Enforcement Clause, grants Congress the power to pass â€Å"appropriate legislation† as necessary to enforce all of the amendments other clauses and provisions. Key Clauses The four clauses of the first section of the 14th Amendment are the most important because they have repeatedly been cited in major Supreme Court cases concerning civil rights, presidential politics and the right to privacy. The Citizenship Clause The Citizenship Clause overrules the 1875 Supreme Court Dred Scott decision that freed African American slaves were not citizens, could not become citizens, and thus could never enjoy the benefits and protections of citizenship. The Citizenship Clause states that â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.† This clause played an important role in two Supreme Court cases: Elk v. Wilkins (1884) which addressed citizenship rights of Native Americans, and United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) which affirmed the citizenship of U.S.-born children of legal immigrants. The Privileges and Immunities Clause The Privileges and Immunities Clause states No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States.  In the Slaughter-House Cases (1873), the Supreme Court recognized a difference between a persons rights as a U.S. citizen and their rights under state law. The ruling held that state laws could not impede a persons federal rights. In McDonald v. Chicago (2010), which overturned a Chicago ban on handguns, Justice Clarence Thomas cited this clause in his opinion supporting the ruling. The Due Process Clause The Due Process Clause says no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. Although this clause was intended to apply to professional contracts and transactions, over time it has become most closely cited in right-to-privacy cases. Notable Supreme Court cases that have turned on this issue include Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), which overturned a Connecticut ban on the sale of contraception; Roe v. Wade (1973), which overturned a Texas ban on abortion and lifted many restrictions on the practice nationwide; and Obergefell v. Hodges (2015), which held that same-sex marriages deserved federal recognition. The Equal Protection Clause The Equal Protection Clause prevents states from denying to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.  The clause has become most closely associated with civil rights cases, particularly for African Americans. In Plessy v. Ferguson (1898) the Supreme Court ruled that Southern states could enforce racial segregation as long as separate but equal facilities existed for blacks and whites. It wouldnt be until Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that the Supreme Court would revisit this opinion, ultimately ruling that separate facilities were, in fact, unconstitutional. This key ruling opened the door for a number of significant civil rights and affirmative action court cases. Bush v. Gore (2001) also touched on the equal protection clause when a majority of justices ruled that the partial recount of presidential votes in Florida was unconstitutional because it was not being conducted the same way in all contested locations. The decision essentially decided the 2000 presidential election in George W. Bushs favor. The Lasting Legacy of the 14th Amendment Over time, numerous lawsuits have arisen that have referenced the 14th Amendment. The fact that the amendment uses the word state in the Privileges and Immunities Clause- along with interpretation of the Due Process Clause- has meant state power and federal power are both subject to the Bill of Rights. Further, the courts have interpreted the word person to include corporations. As a result, corporations are also protected by due process along with being granted equal protection. While there were other clauses in the amendment, none were as significant as these. Updated by Robert Longley   Sources and Further Reading Baer, Judith A. Equality Under the Constitution: Reclaiming the Fourteenth Amendment. Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.  Lash, Kurt T. The Fourteenth Amendment and the Privileges and Immunities of American Citizenship. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014.Nelson, William E. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1988

Obamas Seven Wasted Years Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obamas Seven Wasted Years - Essay Example For example, a report released by the National Federation of Independent Business indicated that 85% of the organizations that hired or were trying to hire new workers in the month of November reported that there were only a few or no qualified applicants for the positions they were advertising. Such a report must scare the American society because it is an indication that the educational and professional development system in America has a certain gap. The most concerning aspect of such statistics is that when America is lacking in certain professional qualifications, other major economies in the world such as in Asia and Europe are continuously ranking high in the education quality offered to their people. For example, it is almost certain that students in the same grade in countries such as South Korea, China, and Singapore will outperform their American counterparts in subjects such as mathematics and science. Such information has been in the public limelight for the longest now, but the actual results have just started to show up. The American education system could be deficient in some aspect, and it is a time the gap is discovered and addressed if the future of the nation as the giant global economy will be sustained. According to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, only too few students study science or technical subjects in the U.S., such that businesses and organizations cannot find enough workers in these fields. The state of any economy is just as healthy and vibrant as its workforce.

Health Economics and Financing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Economics and Financing - Coursework Example In 1960, the government spent $4553 million on health insurance while the private sector accounted for $1855 million as expenditure. The level of expenditure increased year by year and for 2012, the level of government spending on healthcare was $770,087 million. The private sector expenditure was $29,761 million for the same period. The governments (federal, state and local) are the biggest investors in healthcare in the United States. The data in the tables indicate that the government spends the highest amount of funds in paying for healthcare. This means that the governments are the biggest sponsors of the healthcare than the private sector. The government paid more for healthcare than the private sector (Mooney, 2003). The private sector plays an essential role in the healthcare expenditure. In essence, though the government in the United States is more involved and pays the biggest role in paying for healthcare, the private sector plays a major role in the same. The government alone cannot satisfy all the healthcare needs of the citizens and therefore the private sector comes in to provide and help the government in paying for healthcare. The trends for prescription drugs indicate a decreasing trend as compared to that of for hospitals. Comparing year 2011 and 2012, the prescription drug spending slowed down. It grew by 0.4 percent only in 2012 as compared to the previous 2.5 percent growth in 2011. The rate of use of prescription drug reduced and people preferred hospitals prescriptions. This indicates a growing confidence in hospital services and increased use of hospital services by the citizens (Cutler, 2003). The slow in the trend of prescription drug is an opposite of the previous years where citizens preferred the prescription drugs than for hospitals. With the increased government payment of healthcare, citizens now prefer hospitals than drug prescription. In these data, the

Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Hormone Levels in Males

Di (2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) Hormone Levels in Males Introduction Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is one of phthalate ester and endocrine- disrupting chemical. It is used as plasticizer in Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics tubing to make PVC plastic tubing more soft and flexible. Animal data show that target organs of exposure to DEHP are the liver, kidneys, lungs, and reproductive system. DEHP may cause adverse effects of animal’s reproductive system such as reduced fertility, decreased spermatogenesis in males (Rais-Bahrami, 2004). Phthalate monoesters including mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is the DEHP metabolites. The primary targets of Phthalate monoesters toxicity are Leydig cells (LCs) and sertoli cells (SCs). The function of LCs and SCs is spermatogenesis and testosterone production. The toxicant will damage the LCs to decrease the secretion of testosterone, which will affect spermatogenesis and decrease the sperm count. Food is one of the sources of exposure to DEHP for public (U.S. EPA, 2013). DEHP has been detected in many foods such as meat, cheese, milk, eggs, cereal products and fish. There is more and more evidence showing that DEHP induce many adverse effects on the reproductive system such as reproductive hormones included luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and free testosterone (Giuliana G. 2009). As DEHP can cause birth defects or reproductive harm, the government of California listed DEHP as reproductive toxin in 2003 (Chemical Market Reporter, 2003). In addition to the food intake exposure to DEHP, occupational and environmental are the another sources of exposure to DEHP (Guowei Pan et.al., 2006). It is essential to concern whether high levels of DEHP exposure would affect reproductive hormone levels in male. According to the studies of the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, they have found that DEHP can cause birth defects in laboratory rodents (Chemical Market Reporter, 2003). However, only limited studies focus on the relationship between human reproductive hormone and DEHP exposure (J. Mendiola et.al., 2011). Hence, there are limited evidences to conclude a correlation between human reproductive hormone and exposure to DEHP. It is important to find out what chemicals will influence human reproductive hormone because it decides the total number of our offspring. Therefore, based on the related human studies, the effects of DEHP exposure on reproductive hormone levels in male would be discussed. Method The aim of the literature search was to find the associations between Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and reproductive hormone levels in male. A board research was first conducted by Medline (EBSCO HOST), Web of Science and ProQuest. The search term â€Å"Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate/ DEHP† AND â€Å"reproductive hormones† was used and excluded the term â€Å"animal.† The criteria used to select the studies were as follows: The Studies were primary sources and published within 10 years, 2004-2014. The Studies must be human study for adult and NOT animal study. The Studies should address the associations between DEHP and reproductive hormone levels in male. The studies were in good quality, such as in high impact factors of 2013. 3 main studies met the above criteria for the topic examination. The impact factor on the 3 studies are 3.206 (G. Pan et.al, 2011), 3.206 (J. Mendiola et.al, 2010) and 7.029 (Guowei Pan et.al, 2006). Totally 3 main studies at the end of literature has been searched. The three chosen studies were Cross-sectional study since there are limited long-term studies such as cohort studies and randomized controlled trial (RCT) fulfilled the above criteria. Result G. Pan et.al. (2011) carried a cross-sectional study to find the dose-response relationship between dose-response relationships between cumulative phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in human. 74 male workers occupationally exposed to high levels of DEHP and 63 male construction workers as comparison group matched for age and smoking status. The urine and blood were collected from each patient on the same day. The authors of study observed a significantly negative correlated between hazard indices (HI) and serum concentrations of free testosterone (fT) in exposed workers (r = -0.195, p = 0.096), but not in unexposed workers. J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) carried a cross-sectional study to find the association between exposures to Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and reproductive hormone levels in men. 425 men were partners of pregnant women who were selected to participant in the study for Future Families (SFF). All men completed a questionnaire and received a physical examination. The questionnaire included the question about demographics, recent fever, history of sexually transmitted disease, diet and as well as lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol and caffeine consumption. The urine sample was collected within 15 min after the blood was collected. The result was found that Free Androgen Index (FAI) was significantly associated with the concentration of DEHP metabolites in urine. However, total testosterone levels were no associated with urinary concentration of DEHP metabolites. Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) carried a cross-sectional study to find the effect of occupational exposure to high levels of phthalate esters on the balance of gonadotropin and gonadal hormones, which including LH, FSH, free testosterone (fT), and estradiol. 74 male workers at a factory producing unfoamed PVC flooring exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) as exposure group and compared them with samples from 63 male workers from a construction company as comparison group matched for age and smoking status. Urine and blood samples were collected from each workers between 800 and 1100 hours on the same day, but not on the first day of the worker’s work week or the day after a night work shift. The authors of study observed there is significant reducing of serum fT in workers with higher levels of urinary MEHP (DEHP metabolites) compared with unexposed workers. fT was negative association to MEHP (r = -0.19, p = 0.095) in the exposed group. Discussion Study Design The three studies are a cross-sectional study. The limitations of cross-sectional studies are it cannot establish a temporal relationship and reflect the causal relationship between high levels of DEHP and the reproductive hormone levels in male. It only can provide a possible risk factor for reproductive hormones for further study. The three studies both have different advantages and disadvantages. The sample size of the study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011) is relative small. They are all less than 100 people in exposed group and comparison group. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) has relative large sample size (N=425) but it does not contain a comparison group. The study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011) only investigated the confounding effect of the influence of occupational exposure to DEHP. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) also only investigated the confounding effect of the influence of environmental exposure to DEHP. They did not considered the confounding effect of the influence of food intake exposure to DEHP. Study population Randomization is a basic and essential technique to avoid selection bias in Epidemiology Study and It can show better association between exposure and outcome is true or not. However, the participants of three studies are not strictly random. It may cause false association between high exposure of DEHP and male reproductive hormone. In the study of Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) and G. Pan et.al. (2011), the authors wanted to compare the reproductive hormone levels between exposed group and comparison group. Therefore, they selected exposed group in a factory producing unfoamed PVC flooring and using DEHP as plasticizers and comparison group in a construction company. The authors can ensure the exposed group was exposed to DEHP by dermal contact and/ or through dust inhalation in their work. A comparison group who without occupational exposure to DEHP and matched for age and smoking status to exposed group. The comparison group can help authors to exclude other factors that may influence reproductive hormone levels in male in addition to DEHP exposure. The study of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) did not contain a comparison group. All the participants were conducted in the study for Future Families and at prenatal clinics affiliated with university hospital in five United States cities. Exposure assessment The concentration of MEHP and reproductive hormone were determined by using different methods. Both methods have advantages and limitations. Table 1: The methods used to determine the concentration of MEHP Three studies used similar method to determine the urinary concentrations of DEHP metabolites. Thus, the urinary DEHP metabolite concentration of three studies will not have significant difference. Table 2: The methods used to measure the levels of reproductive hormone The advantages of using radioimmunoassay are high sensitivity and highly specific. However, using radioimmunoassay method is very dangerous because it uses radiolabelled reagents. Thus, the labs require specially trained person and special license to handle radioactive material. The following methods have less dangerous than radioimmunoassay. Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) is it has been applied broadly to the clinical diagnosis and environmental analysis. It can show the result quickly because it does not require long incubation time (Ayio, K. 2010). Also, CLIA has high specificity and relatively simple and inexpensive instrumentation (J.L.S. ARAÚJO-FILHO et.al 2011). An electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) procedure was based on solid-phase sandwich immunoassay method. Thus, ECLIA has the superior sensitivity to determine plasma and urine sample (Xiao-yan, C. 2013).The advantages of TR-IFMA are higher sensitivity due to lower background values, higher specificity as only intact molecules of FSH and LH can be measured. (Van Casteren JI et.al 2000) Result analysis The result of J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) in addition to showing the relationship between reproductive hormone in male and the concentration of DEHP metabolite (N=425), it also found some factors such as age, Body Mass Index (BMI) and smoking etc may influence the reproductive hormone in male. Therefore, J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) had done multivariate analysis for reproductive hormone in male and the concentration of DEHP metabolite (N=363) to control for factors such as age, BMI and smoking states etc. It can increase the accuracy of the studies. Although the study did not contain a comparison group, J. Mendiola et.al. (2011) tried consistent the factors found in the questionnaire of participants to minimize the influence of confounding factors to the data analysis. G. Pan et.al. (2011) was using hazard indices (HI) to show the result. The hazard index is the sum of hazard quotients. The ratio of hazard index is compared to 1.0. If the ratio is less than 1, then the systemic effects are assumed not to be of concern; if the hazard quotient is greater than 1, then the systemic effects are assumed to be of concern (U.S. EPA, 2012). It is more easily to show the result and indicate whether DEHP exposure as the concerned factors for reproductive hormone to public and epidemiology. In addition to showing the relationships between serums free Testosterone in workers and the exposure to high levels of DEHP, Guowei Pan et.al. (2006) also compared the demographic characteristics including age, marriage status, smoking and alcohol consumption and plastic material contact of exposed group (N=74), comparison group (N=63) and all the workers (N=137). Also, all the results of this study were compared to exposed group and comparison group. The result can be shown the different of reproductive hormone levels between exposed group and comparison group easily. Limitation of studies The data and result of the three studies were limited by using a single urine and blood/serum samples to determine the levels of DEHP and hormone. It may cause a bias in spot sampling because the result is not reflecting average hormone levels. The endogenous serum LH and FSH concentration had significant change by assessing in different time. The urine samples only reflect the recent exposure to DEHP because phthalates have short half-lives. Also, the concentration of DEHP in three studies was based on the concentration of urinary metabolites of DEHP (MEHP). Therefore, the concentration of DEHP may be not the real concentration of participants. Conclusion The result of three study indicate that there are adverse effects of high levels of DEHP exposure on reproductive hormone levels in male. However, there is no clear evidence to prove a causal relationship between high levels of DEHP and the reproductive hormone levels in male because cross-sectional studies cannot reflect the causal relationship between them. High level of DEHP can as an investigative target included in long term studies such as cohort study and randomized controlled trial of reproductive hormone levels in male. The further research is required to prove that high levels of DEHP exposure will decrease the reproductive hormone levels in human.

Stat 250 Review

Final Exam Review Part VI Definitions and Terms: Know the major definitions and terms for example 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Population Sample Descriptive Statistic Inferential Statistics Parameter vs Statistics Variable a. Categorical Statistic estimates Parameter b. Quantitative estimates , sample mean , population i. Discrete mean s, sample standard estimates , population ii. Continuous deviation standard deviation Random Variable estimates P, population ? p , sample Sampling Distributions proportion proportionParameter (Defines a population) Statistic (calculated from sample to estimate a parameter) Central Limit Theorem Law of Large Numbers Confidence Level (1- )*100 Type I error (rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact it is true) Type II error (not rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact the null is not true) What is true What you did Do not Reject H0 Reject H0 H0 true No Error Type I error Ha True Type II Error No Error 15. Level of Significance (The probability of making a Type I error) 16. Interpretation of a confidence interval 17. P-value a.The probability of making a type I error based on your sample b. The probability, computed supposing the H0 to be true, that the test statistic will take a value at least as extreme as that actually observed. 18. Interpretation of a test of significance (hypothesis test) Types of Problems 1. Reading and interpreting graphs (make sure you read the labels so you know units and whether the graph is frequency (counts) or relative frequency (percents, ratios, probabilities). 2. Calculating Measures of Center a. Mean b. Median 3. Calculating Measures of Spread a. Range b.You will not have to calculate the standard deviation, but you must understand what the standard deviation is – the average distance each data value is from the mean. c. Interquartile Range (Q3 – Q1) i. 1st quartile ii. 2nd quartile (median) iii. 3rd quartile 4. Shape of distributions 5. Shape of distributions an d effects on Mean and Median 6. Effects of outlier and skewed distribution a. Non-resistant measures of Center and Spread: mean and standard deviation b. Resistant measures of Center and Spread: median and interquartile range 7. Boxplot and 5 number summary: Min, Q1, Q2, Q3, Max 8.Binomial Distribution a. Calculating the mean , =np np(1 p) b. Calculating the standard deviation, c. Finding probabilities using the CDF output from MINITAB 9. Calculating Probabilities for a Normal distribution (Knowing how to use Table A, the standard normal distribution) a. Standardizing any normal random variable i. z x b. Unstandardizing any normal random variable i. x z 10. Sampling distributions a. Sampling distribution of the sample mean – samples of size n i. Mean, x= (can be calculated even if we do not know the shape of the distribution) ii. Standard deviation, x n the shape of the distribution) can be calculated even if we do not know iii. Shape of sampling distribution 1. If population the sample came from is normal, all sampling distributions of any size are normal 2. If the shape of the population is unknown or is NOT normal, then the sampling distribution of the sample mean is normal only if the sample size is 30 or more by the Central Limit Theorem (The shape of the sampling distribution becomes approximately Normal if the sample size is large enough. In our class a sample of size 30 or more is â€Å"large enough† to assume the sampling distribution is approximately Normally distributed. iv.Knowing how to compute probabilities based on the sampling distribution of the sample mean when applicable. v. Inferential Techniques based on sampling distribution when conditions are met (SRS and Normality) 1. Estimation – Confidence Intervals : statistic margin of error (margin of error = critical value * standard error) a. known: i. X z /2 * n ii. Sample size: We can determine the sample size needed so that a specific margin of error is observed at a spec ified confidence level: n b. z unknown: X * m 2 /2 t / 2,df * s n 2. Significance Tests (Hypothesis Tests) a. nown: test statistic, z0 X 0 n b. unknown: test statistic, t0 X s 0 n b. Sampling distribution of the sample proportions – samples of size n i. Mean, p (can be calculated even if we do not know the shape of the ? p distribution) ii. Standard deviation, p(1 P) (can be calculated even if we do not n ? p know the shape of the distribution iii. Shape of sampling distribution of the sample proportions becomes approximately normal if (our book states: np? 10 and n(1-p)? 10, that is the sample successes and failures must be 10 or more. ) np(1-p)? 10 , which is conservative. iv.Inferential Techniques based on sampling distribution when conditions are met (SRS and Normality) 1. Estimation – Confidence Intervals : statistic margin of error (margin of error = critical value * standard error) a. ? pz /2 * ? ? p (1 p ) n i. Sample size: We can determine the sample size need ed so that a specific margin of error is observed at a specified confidence level: n p(1 p) z /2 m 2 If a prior estimate for p is known, use it. If a prior estimate is not know, use p = 0. 5 2. Significance Tests (Hypothesis Tests) a. known: test statistic, z0 ? p p0 p0 (1 p0 ) n 11.Inferential techniques for 2 sample problems (means and proportions – on PowerPoint that is coming next) which are also based on Sampling distribution when conditions are met. a. You will be given the value of the standard error for two sample problems (two sample means dependent, you will be given the standard deviation of the differences, but you will have to calculate the standard error s .) n b. You will have to calculate the pooled proportion for the two sample proportions ? problems: p x1 x2 n1 n2 c. You will have to calculate confidence intervals and do tests of significance (hypothesis tests) 2. Goodness of fit test Best Way to Study 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Go over Test 1 and Test 2 Go over all qui zzes since Test 2 Go over all your quizzes Go over Post-Tests Go over Homework What you need for the final 1. 2. 3. 4. Pencil and eraser Calculator Table A and Table C Formula Sheet: you have two choices. You must choose either A or B a. HAND WRITTEN formula sheet – no copies. Must be the original. On an 8X11 sheet of paper, front and back, you can write whatever you wish. Hand written!!! b. Pristine, no writing on it, copy of the formula sheet on Blackboard. Scantron will be provided.